![]() Surgeons used PCP in the 1950s as a general anesthetic, but manufacturers stopped producing it due to its serious side effects, which included postoperative delirium and hallucinations. Dissociative drugsĭissociative drugs include substances such as: PCP (Phencyclidine) However, 251-NBOMe is more powerful than LSD and MDMA. MDMA stands for 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and is a recreational psychoactive drug. It has similar qualities to LSD and MDMA. 251-NBOMeĢ51-NBOMe is a synthetic substance originally developed by neuroscience researchers. There is also a synthetic version of DMT, which is a white powder that people can smoke. People can make a tea called ayahuasca, which is also known as hoasca, aya, or yagé, from the natural plant version. ![]() DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine)ĭMT is a powerful chemical present in certain plant groups, including Phalaris, Delosperma, Acacia, Mimosa, and in the leaves of citrus plants. It contains mescaline, which can cause hallucinations, altered body image, and euphoria. It is used in some Native American religious ceremonies, but the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) restricts it as a Schedule I substance. Peyote is a small cactus native to Mexico and southern regions of the U.S. Psilocybin is the main active ingredient in “magic mushrooms,” which include a wide range of mushrooms found in tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Mexico, and the U.S. Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) It is made from lysergic acid, which is found in a fungus that grows on grains. LSD is a potent mind-altering chemical that is clear or white in color and has no smell. Classic hallucinogensĬlassic hallucinogens include substances such as: LSD (D-lysergic acid diethylamide) Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO, identifier CRD42021261752.Īyahuasca cancer-related distress depressive disorders ketamine mystical experience psilocybin psychedelic therapy substance use disorder (SUD).Ĭopyright © 2022 Ko, Knight, Rucker and Cleare.According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), there are two main types of psychedelics: classic hallucinogens and dissociative drugs. More in-depth exploration into the nature of mystical experience is needed, including predictors of intensity, in order to maximize its positive effects on treatment outcome benefits and minimize concomitant anxiety. Future studies of this nature should consider a larger sample size with greater diversity and thus representation by use of randomized design. ![]() Further, 6 out of 12 studies were open-label in design and therefore susceptible to bias. A majority of the studies are limited, however, by their small sample size and lack of diversity (gender, ethnic, racial, educational, and socioeconomic), common in this newly re-emerging field. ![]() Ten of the twelve established a significant association of correlation, mediation, and/or prediction. In this review, 12 studies of psychedelic therapy utilizing psilocybin, ayahuasca, or ketamine were analyzed for association between mystical experience and symptom reduction, in areas as diverse as cancer-related distress, substance use disorder, and depressive disorders to include treatment-resistant. It includes features such as oceanic boundlessness, ego dissolution, and universal interconnectedness, which have been closely linked to both symptom reduction and improved quality of life. The mystical experience is a potential psychological mechanism to influence outcome in psychedelic therapy. ![]()
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